Explain the Different Appearance of the Chromosomes

The number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell is called a karyotype. The appearance of each chromosome in Figure 2 is different from those shown in Figure 1.

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The phases of mitosis are shown in Figure 64.

. Four haploid cells that are genetically different are produced and have 23 chromosomes each. Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Mitosis is the type of nuclear division that occurs when an animal or plant grows larger and when injury heals.

A A mono-oriented chromosome becomes bi-oriented when a microtubule from the opposite pole is captured by a kinetochore. Duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate of the spindle 4. Over time other scientists studied the appearance of chromosomes in a wide variety of animal species and it became clear that there was a relationship between the.

Chromosomes in humans can be divided into two types. Each chromosome has a constriction point called the centromere which divides the chromosome into two sections or arms The short arm of the chromosome is labeled the p arm The long arm of the chromosome is labeled the q. Among humans two X chromosomes make a woman and an X and a Y chromosome make a man.

The normal segregation of chromosomes during Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2 in MALE. Duplicated chromosomes have no particular arrangement in the cell. A karyotype can only be seen and studied with a microscope.

Chromosomes line up on the equator during metaphase. They each have 23 chromsomes Meiosis II - the pairs of sister chromatids that make up each chromosome are separated. The prophase cell in Figure 65 hits the same number of chromosomes as the telophase nuclei.

It is marked by the condensation of the chromosomes. The homologous pairs are separated creating two cells. The prophase I of meiosis occurs in the following stages.

To make karyotypes easier to understand karyograms are often. 1 mark 1 b ii Complete the diagram to show the chromosomes in one cell that could be produced. Chromosomes keep DNA coiled around spool-like proteins known as histones according to the National Human Genome Research Institute opens in new tab.

Chromosomes associate in homologous described pairs formation of bivalents tetrads3. Two daughter cells are now forming. Two daughter cells result because there is only one round of division and it keeps the chromosome number constant same as the parent cell.

Leptotene- This phase is the start of prophase-I. 1 ii Complete the diagram to show the chromosomes in one cell that could be produced from the cell in Figure 2 as a result of meiosis. Congression models for chromosome bi-orientation.

If the letters facing up are S and S or S and s the head shape will be oval. Suggest one way the structure of the chromosome could differ along its length. The abnormal segregation of chromosomes during Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2 in FEMALE.

In some cases the telomeres extend from both the chromosome ends. Autosomes body chromosomes and allosome sex chromosomes. If you unraveled all the DNA from a single.

I The appearance of each chromosome in Figure 2 is different from those shown in Figure 1 which had 2 X shaped chromosomes. 2 iii Other than independent segregation give one way in which meiosis allows the. DThe dark stain used on the chromosomes binds more to some areas of the chromosomes than others giving the chromosomes a striped appearance.

Chromatids have separated during anaphase. Figure 2 1 b i The appearance of each chromosome in Figure 2is different from those shown in Figure 1. In spite of their appearance chromosomes are structurally highly condensed which enables these giant DNA structures to be contained within a cell nucleus.

Chromosomes shorten thicken condense2. In some species animals have a different sex-determining system as they use a Z. Passed from parents to offspring DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique.

However there are other differentiating features between these chromosomes. As the chart indicates chromosome 1 determines head shape. Most of what researchers know about chromosomes was learned by observing chromosomes during cell division.

They have inaccurate and asymmetrical arms clearly distinguishable. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid DNA. The telocentric chromosome is not present in humans.

Thus telocentric chromosomes have a rod shaped appearance. They have the centromere displaced from the center but not totally towards either end. If the letters facing up are s and s the head shape will be round.

Chromosomes formed from only one chromatid Other than independent segregation give one way in which meiosis allows the production of genetically different cells. Zygotene- In this phase the homologous chromosomes start pairing up called the synapsis. Explain the different appearance of the chromosomes.

This leads to the daughter cells having different combination of alleles. Chromatids have not replicated. Subtelocentric Chromosome Chromosomes that have a centromere that is located closer to the end than the center are called subtelocentric chromosomes.

Join to spindle fibres moved by spindle5. Chromosomes compress thicken shorten and become more apparent during prophase. As the chromosome begins to congress towards the spindle equator in the direction of the dashed arrow the leading kinetochore is associated with a thinner kinetochore k-fibre whereas the trailing.

At equator middle of cell6. Certain genetic traits are linked to a persons sex and are passed on through. 1 b Figure 2 shows three pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell at the end of cell division.

Explain the process of the following. The two letters on chromosome 1 represent the genotype. Now look at chromosome 1 and refer to the genotype conversion table.

Some differences include size number of genes and even abnormal chromosome pairings. They have the centromere near one end away from the center forming enormously unequal arms. The synaptonemal complex starts building up.

At the centromere chromosomes appear as two sister chromatids fused together. Crossing-over chiasma formation4.

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